CIÊNCIA E EDUCAÇÃO EM BACHELARD.

Abstract

This present doctoral thesis presents a reading of Bachelards epistemological and scientific thinking using six works of his: Essay on Approximate Knowledge; The New Scientific Spirit; The Formation of the Scientific Mind: Contribution to a Psychoanalysis of Objective Knowledge; The Philosophy of No: A Philosophy of The New Scientific Mind; The Applied Rationalism ; Rational Materialism. Bachelard as an epistemological of physical sciences narrates in a critical way the history of physics and chemistry from the XVIII to the XX century, passing through the alchemy and the first experiments with electricity to the Theory of Relativity of Einstein and his followers with the microphysics, the quantum physics, and wave physics. Bachelard developed the applied rationalism , while he criticized the philosophers who gave opinions without real knowledge of the object of these sciences. For him, the applied rationalism represents the relation between the reason and emotion, in other words, the theory and the practice or the matter and the scientific speech, using mathematics as basis. Employing the poliphilosophy concept, he exposed the path of physics and chemistry, going through several philosophies: realism, empiricism, positivism, simple rationalism, complex rationalism, dialectic rationalism, or surrationalism. His work shows a breaking up between the common sense or vulgar knowledge and the objective scientific knowledge, from the assertoric to the apoditic and axiomatic level in the physical sciences. Using concepts such as dialectizing and psychoanalyze , epistemological obstacles and approximate knowledge , among others, Bachelard describes the dialectical movements of physical sciences in its evolution with their ruptures and corrections, becoming a solid universal patrimony under the vigilance of the scientific community. These procedures forms what he designates as scientific education - ideas that he applies to the scholar teaching, an area where there are also epistemological and pedagogical obstacles to be overcome. Bachelard idealizes an utopian school, involving teachers, students and methods in a dialectical process of psychoanalisation and rationale similar to the scientific process.