Leucemia linfóide aguda na infância: A Importância do diagnóstico citogenético convencional como fator prognóstico

Abstract

The acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is considered the result of abnormalities occurring in a progenitor cell of the lympho hematopoietic system. The abnormalities modify the program of cell differentiation, determining a proliferative advantage of leukemic clone on the other cells of hematopoietic tissue. The leukemia-free survival for more than five years, which is considered as criterion of cure for the disease in recent years has been approximately 80%. In the infant population the ALL is five times more incidents than the LMA, and is the cause of approximately 3/4 of all children diagnosed with leukemia. In ALL, 60% to 75% of patients present numerical abnormalities on the chromosomal batch, such as hiperdiploidia or hipodiploidia, or structural, such as translocations and deletions. Karyotypic changes are associated with recurrent clinical characteristics and prognostic measures. In this study, the cytogenetic evaluation was performed for all 22 patients included in the study. These patients were diagnosed at Hospital Araújo Jorge / ACCG and the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia, in the period of March to December of 2008. Samples of bone marrow or peripheral blood were sent to the Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics (Lagen) of SuLeide / SES / GO for cytogenetic analysis. Cytogenetic evaluation in 58% of karyotypes that was carried out had changed. We observed the presence of numerical changes, as hyperdiploid, near-haploid and trisomy of chromosome 21 and structural which are represented as follows: 46,XX,4q+/46,XX,t(q1;q4), 46,XX,t(10;14)(q22;q32), 46,XY,del(16q22)/46,XY,del(6q26)/Hyperdiploid, 46,XX/46,XX,del(8)(q21.2-22)/ Hyperdiploid, 46,XY,t(7;12)(q34;q22);del(10qter)/46,XY,t(7;12)(q34;q22)/46,XY,t(4;8)(q31.2;q23)/4 6,XY,t(12;16)(q24.1;q23)/Near-haploid, 46,XX,del(17q25), 46,XY,t(7;12)(q35;p11),+21. The morphologic remission of patients studied in twenty eighth day of induction treatment (D+28) was obtained in all cases. A Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) was positive in 14% of the cases. The patients were stratified into two groups at risk of relapse according to the protocol GBTL1 ALL-99: low risk of relapse (55%) and high risk of relapse (45%). Most of the chromosomal changes have not been described so far, therefore there is a certain limitation on the definition of the prognosis. The correlation between the cytogenetic findings and clinical and laboratory characteristics was established, demonstrating the importance of doing it to infer about the prognosis.