EXPANSÃO E URBANIZAÇÃO DA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL HUMANA: CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS FATORES DETERMINANTES NO PROCESSO DE TRANSMISSÃO EM ÁREA URBANA NO MUNICÍPIO DE RONDONÓPOLIS/MT (2003 - 2012).

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease of major public health importance, having been considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization (WHO), has expanded and urbanized, with its transmission and geographic expansion associated to a complex group of factors still badly understood, becoming a major challenge their control to public health in the country. In Brazil, the mode of transmission is through the bite of the vectors Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia cruzi, infected by trypanosomatid Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. In urban areas, the dog (Canis familiaris) is their main source of infection. In Mato Grosso, 33.33% of the counties had recorded LV in the period 2001-2013. Rondonópolis currently records the highest number of reported cases in the state, being the only one in intense transmission. Objectives: To characterize the possible decisive factors in the development and transmission of VL in urban area of Rondonópolis/MT process in the period 2003-2012. Methods: This is a quantitative research with the development of a descriptive epidemiological study, based on confirmed cases recorded in LVH (SINANNET), being subsidized by secondary data about the vector, animal reservoir and application of a structured interview for collection of socioeconomic, environmental, and about the level of information knowledge of the population affected by the disease. Results: The cure was prevalent in 87.63% of cases. The age group from 1 to 4 years was the most affected. The incidence rate in the period ranged from 0,63 in 2003 to 29,69/100.000 inhabitants in 2009. Mortality reached its highest percentage in 2007 with 35.71%. Recorded deaths prevailed among adults aged 60 years or more. The HVL-HIV co-infection occurred in 6.45% of reported cases. The group of African American individuals, male, with low education 81.65% and lower household income than 2 minimum wages 72.04% were the most affected by LVH in the county. Most visited households own pets, 70.97% of households have no sewerage system, the area nearby the residence is extensive, with great amount of green area in the proximities and accumulation of organic matter in the soil. In Rondonópolis, we found that the level of knowledge of the population in relation to VL limits to superficial information about the disease and that preventive actions carried out are nonspecific or accomplished in a discontinuous way. Conclusion: The data express the endemic character of VL with a high percentage of infection in children and HIV-positive, the largest incidence of the disease coincided with areas of high population density that clearly illustrate the process of urbanization of VL. The high distribution of the canine infection, the wide vector adaptation in the urban environment; the reducing of health investments; the discontinuity of the control actions and the expansion of construction of habitational groups on the outskirts create favorable conditions for diseases of a urban cycle and the active transmission of the disease can increase the number of cases in the next years.