Análise histórica da democracia na Venezuela: de Punto Fijo ao bolivarianismo

Abstract

The present work, through a bibliographic review and research in journalistic and media sources, proposes to analyze the democratic history in Venezuela having as a starting point the Punto Fijo Pact (1958), however, for a better understanding of this process, if its construction from 1900, more specifically, 1908, the year in which Venezuela began to take on proportions of a modern state with an economy turned to the export oil sector. By looking for this period of Venezuelan political and economic history, it was possible to achieve the objectives proposed in this research, namely, to perceive and analyze the emergence of political parties, their political actors, as well as their struggle with political-military forces in the search for implantation of a broad democracy, with universal suffrage, which culminated in the elaboration and maintenance of the Punto Fijo Pact. It was possible to understand that during the 1980s of the twentieth century, these democratic conquests that had been consolidated in the pact were exhausted due to the economic crises and the corruption that was raging in the country, in addition to the lack of rethinking the pact, generated a huge discouragement in society, resulting in strong protests, such as the snail in 1989, and two attempts at coups in 1992, during the Carlos government Andrés Pérez, being the first commanded by the military, Lieutenant Hugo Chávez Frías. In 1998, after presidential elections, candidate Hugo Chávez had the necessary percentage of votes in his favor that made him president of the country. His victory represented not only the rupture of a democratic pact - Punto Fijo Pact - that lasted for 40 years, but also the beginning of a participatory and protagonist democratic style. However, during his government, Chávez faced criticism and mistrust from opponents, mainly the censorship imposed on the media's freedom of expression, the recurring economic crises and the coup d'état. However, this study shows that the Chaves government was also marked by the integration it carried out in Latin America, by foreign policy and by the social works implemented in the country, with the support of the military. It is in this process that this work seeks to understand and analyze the construction of democracy in Venezuela