Fome urbana no Brasil: a denúncia do passado e o fato no presente (1930-2022)

Abstract

This work aimed to analyze urban hanger in Brasil today (2020-2022) as an eminently political problem, looking to the past (1930-2020), to undesrstand its worsening and greater incidence in families headed by clack women, with low education and income (spatial and demographic breakdowns). The raw material survey was restricted to the years 1930 to 2022 (timeframe), which were divided into six governmental milestones (1930-1955, 1956-1961, 1961-1985, 1985-2003, 2003-2016 and 2016-2022). As complementary methodological strategies, the collection was limited to historical-political, legal-legislative, economic and social aspects and sub-aspects strictly to the structural elements of the proposal. The research is bibliographic and documentary, and exploratory. The main technical and statistical data and information on global food (in)security in general terms, and in Brazil in greater detail, were obtained especially from the website of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Brazilian Research Network on Food and Nutritional Sovereignty and Security. The approach is qualitative. For the content analysis, not only the context of the market economy was considered, disaggregated from the conception of human development as freedom, but also the perspective of gender inequality, color/race and access to food, depending on income. Analytical categories were outlined to refine the research. The combination of the works "GEOGRAFIA DA FOME (O BRAZILIAN DILEMMA: BREAD OR STEEL)" (1946), by Josué de Castro, and "QUARTO DE DESPEJO: Diário de uma favelada" (1960), by Carolina Maria de Jesus, formed the theoretical basis. Aiming to reconcile the systematization of hunger in the first work and the realistic literature of the second with the dissertation discourse, the demographic profile worked on was fragmented into two groups: "Carolinas of the 20th century" (1930-2000) and "Carolinas of the 21st century" (2001- 2022). As a problem, the question was: is there a causal relationship between state action from 1930 to 2022 with the increase in urban hunger in the years 2020 to 2022, in terms of gender, color/race, family responsibility, education and income? It was found that one of the segments most affected by hunger according to research from 2020 to 2022, was already the most vulnerable in previous years until 1930. In addition, it was found that the State, from 1930 to 2022, did not respond sensitively, punctually and effectively to its social protection, which may have contributed to the increase in severe food insecurity in urban families headed by black women, with low education and income, given the lack of priorities from governments at the time and the lack of public policies focused on the area