A experiência religiosa dos profetas bíblicos em Abraham Heschel e sua crítica à visão panpsicológica

Abstract

This research proposes both reflect and deepen the religious experience of the Hebrew prophets in the perspective of the Jewish philosopher and theologian Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972), in order to confront it with his notion of "panpsychology". It is considered that the biblical prophets can be characterized in a sui generis way thanks to the sense of a divine pathos present in their consciousness from the biblical event "revelation", a reality expressed in a subject-object format. In where God becomes the supreme subject of reality and the prophet, as well as the human being, the object of his attention. However, from Celsus, passing through the Enlightenment criticisms of Spinoza, the prophets and their prophecies have been accused of fraud. In modernity, empirical and behavioral sciences also suspected; currents of psychoanalysis may have treated religious phenomena - including biblical prophetism - in a reductive and universalizing way, cataloging them as the result of absolute subjectivism and psychological anomalies. Heschel named this behaviorist trend "panpsychology", criticizing a preconceived and isolated science of the object, that is, without taking into account the thoughts, situation, environment, context and response of the prophet, confusing the effect of the phenomenon with its cause. In the work we present here, the reader will find, through a bibliographical, exegetical and hermeneutic research, a dialogue between religion, psychology and prophetism, aiming to better contextualize the discussion. In addition, it proposes a deepening of Heschel's categories that express the religious experience of the prophets in the Hebrew Bible, always in parallel with the psychological criticism in question. Finally, a reading of the Heschelian message for contemporaneity, with emphasis on its importance and impact on decisive issues that intertwine the prophets messages with the disciplines mentioned, such as human nature, ego, appeal to ethics, justice and peace